What equipment is programmed to initiate transmission of distress alerts and calls to individual stations?

The correct choice is the DSC controller, which stands for Digital Selective Calling controller. This equipment is specifically designed to facilitate the transmission of distress alerts and calls to individual stations. DSC operates through the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) and is crucial for ensuring that the necessary units receive distress communications efficiently and quickly.

When a distress situation arises, the DSC controller sends out a digital distress alert which includes vital information like the transmitting vessel's identity and its position. This automated and digital method allows for a more reliable and immediate distress signal compared to older systems.

In contrast, NAVTEX is a system used for broadcasting maritime safety information but does not directly initiate distress calls. GPS provides positioning and navigational data but is not involved in distress alert transmission. A Scanning Watch Receiver monitors frequencies for distress calls rather than initiating them. This distinction helps clarify why the DSC controller is the correct answer, as it is the only device specifically designed to automate and format the distress alert process within maritime communication protocols.